15个Pythonic的代码示例(值得收藏)

Python由于语言的简洁性，让我们以人类思考的方式来写代码，新手更容易上手，老鸟更爱不释手。

要写出 Pythonic（优雅的、地道的、整洁的）代码，还要平时多观察那些大牛代码，Github 上有很多非常优秀的源代码值得阅读，比如：requests、flask、tornado，这里小明收集了一些常见的 Pythonic 写法，帮助你养成写优秀代码的习惯。

01. 变量交换

Bad

tmp = a
a = b
b = tmp

Pythonic

a,b = b,a

02. 列表推导

Bad

my_list = []
for i in range(10):
  my_list.append(i*2)

Pythonic

my_list = [i*2 for i in range(10)]

03. 单行表达式

虽然列表推导式由于其简洁性及表达性，被广受推崇。

但是有许多可以写成单行的表达式，并不是好的做法。

Bad

print \'one\'; print \'two\'

if x == 1: print \'one\'

if <complex comparison> and <other complex comparison>:
  # do something

Pythonic

print \'one\'
print \'two\'

if x == 1:
  print \'one\'

cond1 = <complex comparison>
cond2 = <other complex comparison>
if cond1 and cond2:
  # do something

04. 带索引遍历

Bad

for i in range(len(my_list)):
  print(i, \"-->\", my_list[i])

Pythonic

for i,item in enumerate(my_list):
  print(i, \"-->\",item)

05. 序列解包

Pythonic

a, *rest = [1, 2, 3]
# a = 1, rest = [2, 3]

a, *middle, c = [1, 2, 3, 4]
# a = 1, middle = [2, 3], c = 4

06. 字符串拼接

Bad

letters = [\'s\', \'p\', \'a\', \'m\']
s=\"\"
for let in letters:
  s += let

Pythonic

letters = [\'s\', \'p\', \'a\', \'m\']
word = \'\'.join(letters)

07. 真假判断

Bad

if attr == True:
  print \'True!\'

if attr == None:
  print \'attr is None!\'

Pythonic

if attr:
  print \'attr is truthy!\'

if not attr:
  print \'attr is falsey!\'

if attr is None:
  print \'attr is None!\'

08. 访问字典元素

Bad

d = {\'hello\': \'world\'}
if d.has_key(\'hello\'):
  print d[\'hello\']  # prints \'world\'
else:
  print \'default_value\'

Pythonic

d = {\'hello\': \'world\'}

print d.get(\'hello\', \'default_value\') # prints \'world\'
print d.get(\'thingy\', \'default_value\') # prints \'default_value\'

# Or:
if \'hello\' in d:
  print d[\'hello\']

09. 操作列表

Bad

a = [3, 4, 5]
b = []
for i in a:
  if i > 4:
    b.append(i)

Pythonic

a = [3, 4, 5]
b = [i for i in a if i > 4]
# Or:
b = filter(lambda x: x > 4, a)

Bad

a = [3, 4, 5]
for i in range(len(a)):
  a[i] += 3

Pythonic

a = [3, 4, 5]
a = [i + 3 for i in a]
# Or:
a = map(lambda i: i + 3, a)

10. 文件读取

Bad

f = open(\'file.txt\')
a = f.read()
print a
f.close() 

Pythonic

with open(\'file.txt\') as f:
  for line in f:
    print line 

11. 代码续行

Bad

my_very_big_string = \"\"\"For a long time I used to go to bed early. Sometimes, \\
  when I had put out my candle, my eyes would close so quickly that I had not even \\
  time to say “I\'m going to sleep.”\"\"\"

from some.deep.module.inside.a.module import a_nice_function, another_nice_function, \\
  yet_another_nice_function 

Pythonic

my_very_big_string = (
  \"For a long time I used to go to bed early. Sometimes, \"
  \"when I had put out my candle, my eyes would close so quickly \"
  \"that I had not even time to say “I\'m going to sleep.”\"
)

from some.deep.module.inside.a.module import (
  a_nice_function, another_nice_function, yet_another_nice_function) 

12. 显式代码

Bad

def make_complex(*args):
  x, y = args
  return dict(**locals())

Pythonic

def make_complex(x, y):
  return {\'x\': x, \'y\': y}

13. 使用占位符

Pythonic

filename = \'foobar.txt\'
basename, _, ext = filename.rpartition(\'.\')

14. 链式比较

Bad

if age > 18 and age < 60:
  print(\"young man\")

Pythonic

if 18 < age < 60:
  print(\"young man\")

理解了链式比较操作，那么你应该知道为什么下面这行代码输出的结果是 False

>>> False == False == True 
False

15. 三目运算

这个保留意见。随使用习惯就好。

Bad

if a > 2:
  b = 2
else:
  b = 1
#b = 2

Pythonic

a = 3  

b = 2 if a > 2 else 1
#b = 2 

参考文档
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/style/
https://foofish.net/idiomatic_part2.html